The function of a cooling system is to take away heat from processes or equipment. Heat faraway from one medium is transferred to another medium, or process fluid. Most often, the cooling medium is water. Nonetheless, the heat transfer ideas and calculations mentioned in this chapter can be applied to other fluids.
Environment friendly removal of heat is an economic requirement within the design and operation of a cooling system. The driving power for the transfer of heat is the difference in temperature between the two media. In most cooling methods, this is within the range of 10-200 degrees F. The heat flux is usually low and in the range of 5,000 to 15,000 Btu/ft2/hr. For exceptional cases such because the oblique cooling of molten metallic, the heat flux will be as excessive as 3,000,000 Btu/ft2/hr.
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The switch of heat from process fluids or equipment ends in a rise in temperature, or perhaps a change of state, in the cooling water. Lots of the properties of water, together with the conduct of the contaminants it accommodates, are affected by temperature. The tendency of a system to corrode, scale, or help microbiological growth can be affected by water temperature. These results, and the management of situations that foster them, are addressed in subsequent chapters.
Sorts of Programs
Water heated in the heat exchange process could be handled in one of two methods. The water will be discharged at the increased temperature into a receiving body (as soon as-by means of cooling system), or it can be cooled and reused (recirculating cooling system).
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There are two distinct types of methods for water cooling and reuse: open and closed recirculating systems. In an open recirculating system, cooling is achieved by evaporation of a fraction of the water. Evaporation leads to a loss of pure water from the system and a focus of the remaining dissolved solids. Water should be eliminated, or blown down, in order to control this concentration, and contemporary water should then be added to replenish the system.
A closed recirculating system is actually a cooling system within a cooling system. The water containing the heat transferred from the process is cooled for reuse by way of an change with another fluid. Water losses from this type of system are often small.
Every of the three kinds of cooling programs-as soon as-by means of, open recirculating, and closed recirculating-is described in detail in later chapters. The specific strategy to designing an applicable remedy program for each system is also contained in these chapters.
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HEAT Switch
In the design of a heat transfer system, the capital price of building the system should be weighed against the continued value of operation and upkeep. Frequently, increased capital costs (more exchange surface, exotic metallurgy, extra efficient tower fill, etc.) result in decrease working and maintenance prices, whereas lower capital prices might lead to increased working costs (pump and fan horsepower, required maintenance, etc.). One important operating price that must be considered is the chemical treatment required to stop process or waterside corrosion, deposits and scale, and microbiological fouling. These problems can adversely have an effect on heat transfer and might result in tools failure (see Determine 23-1).
Heat Transfer
The following is an summary of the advanced considerations involved within the design of a heat exchanger. Many texts can be found to provide extra detail.
In a heat transfer system, heat is exchanged as two fluids of unequal temperature strategy equilibrium. The next temperature differential ends in a more rapid heat transfer.
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Nevertheless, temperature is barely one in all many factors involved in exchanger design for a dynamic system. Other issues embrace the area over which heat transfer happens, the characteristics of the fluids concerned, fluid velocities, and the traits of the exchanger metallurgy.
Process heat duty, course of temperatures, and obtainable cooling water provide temperature are often specified within the initial phases of design. The scale of the exchanger(s) is calculated in keeping with necessary parameters such as process and water stream velocity, sort of shell, structure of tubes, baffles, metallurgy, and fouling tendency of the fluids
HEAT Switch
In the design of a heat transfer system, the capital price of building the system should be weighed against the continued value of operation and upkeep. Frequently, increased capital costs (more exchange surface, exotic metallurgy, extra efficient tower fill, etc.) result in decrease working and maintenance prices, whereas lower capital prices might lead to increased working costs (pump and fan horsepower, required maintenance, etc.). One important operating price that must be considered is the chemical treatment required to stop process or waterside corrosion, deposits and scale, and microbiological fouling. These problems can adversely have an effect on heat transfer and might result in tools failure (see Determine 23-1).
Heat Transfer
The following is an summary of the advanced considerations involved within the design of a heat exchanger. Many texts can be found to provide extra detail.
In a heat transfer system, heat is exchanged as two fluids of unequal temperature strategy equilibrium. The next temperature differential ends in a more rapid heat transfer.
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Nevertheless, temperature is barely one in all many factors involved in exchanger design for a dynamic system. Other issues embrace the area over which heat transfer happens, the characteristics of the fluids concerned, fluid velocities, and the traits of the exchanger metallurgy.
Process heat duty, course of temperatures, and obtainable cooling water provide temperature are often specified within the initial phases of design. The scale of the exchanger(s) is calculated in keeping with necessary parameters such as process and water stream velocity, sort of shell, structure of tubes, baffles, metallurgy, and fouling tendency of the fluids
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