Cooling towers are needed to dissipate heat, but the complications arising in doing so are upkeep complications and, in some situations, disease-inflicting problems. Bio-slimes and algae development can and have triggered bacterial contamination in cooling methods. Legionnaires disease and pneumonia have been blamed for deaths and traced back to cooling programs. Water and air can transport many pathogens and are chargeable for a bunch of problems related to inadequate disinfection. Chemicals are utilized in cooling tower systems to regulate scale, bio-slimes and algae development. These chemicals flocculate iron and manganese from the influent water and comprise biocides to control bacteria. Softened water just isn’t used as a result of the mineral deposits trigger scale and reduce the effectiveness of the cooling coils, along with rising maintenance and labor costs at retaining the coils clean and working effectively. There are alternatives on the market that when utilized correctly provide larger management of micro organism.
Ozone and ionization have been used for many years to fight scale and bacterial points associated with cooling tower operation. Ozone has not been as broadly adopted as chemicals as a result of many instances it isn’t applied or applied correctly and the tip consumer does not experience the supposed chemical reduction and easy operation of the cooling system. Ultraviolet (UV) mild has been used to regulate micro organism, fungus and bio-slimes. Scaling issues and maintenance on account of improper application have hindered UV from being broadly accepted. By explaining some ideas and methods, perhaps more water therapy sellers can understand these technologies and use them of their arsenal of remedy methods.
It’s estimated that there are 500,000 to 600,000 cooling towers in the United States that use chemicals as a result of they’re accepted and proven strategies of treatment. Of the half million or more towers, it’s estimated solely 300 to 1,000 use ozone and even less use copper ionization. Cooling towers that use ozone, copper ionization or UV gentle along side one another are very few and much between. Why, you may ask, if these therapy strategies work so properly, are they not used more usually? Value is a giant factor in using ozone, copper ionization and UV. The preliminary begin up costs are costly, however the return on investment is rather fast when correctly put in and monitored. Most water remedy sellers who don’t perceive the technologies simply don’t use them, or if they do one job and it fails, they don’t find out why they usually stop promoting these great options to chemical dosing. Regardless of the case could also be, these programs do work when applied appropriately.
Influent Water
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Each water treatment system that is employed needs to have the influent water addressed in an effort to effectively design correct remedy. There’s extra to water than complete dissolved solids (TDS), hardness and iron, which many sellers test as part of a free evaluation. Different contaminants resembling manganese, chlorides, tannins and nitrates can change the way in which the designed system features. City water or municipal water provides are easier to work with than properly water provides, because the water is treated and accommodates mostly hardness minerals and chlorine. Properly water, however, makes water therapy a problem. Iron, manganese, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and tannins could make the therapy of cooling tower water very tough. The influent water needs to be carefully analyzed in order that it may be handled correctly. The stream charges and tools used additionally must be matched mathematically as a way to perform optimally.
One among the largest errors made in treating cooling tower water is not pretreating the influent water. For instance, with out the pretreatment of water for reverse osmosis and UV light drinking water methods, these water remedy strategies fail or don’t work effectively. So, why not deal with cooling water in the identical fashion. If there is iron and manganese within the water, why treat the water after it’s in the make up tank? Maybe chemicals seem to price less than removing the iron and manganese with filtration, but after taking a look at labor, chemicals and blow down discharge costs, removing the contaminants with filtration may be very cost efficient. Blow down normally is finished as soon as the water reaches a set saturation or TDS degree. With out the use of chemicals the TDS would not rise and there would not be a need to discharge as much water. This might replicate a cost financial savings on chemicals, labor and discharge charges. Pretreatment also can save money when buying alternative strategies of therapy such as ozone, ionization and UV. With the elimination of iron and manganese, the quantity of ozone needed to deal with the water would be reduced, since the ozone would not have to react with the contaminants first to be efficient towards micro organism, algae, and bio-slimes. Since ozone is an oxidizer it reacts with different contaminants which can be referred to as biological oxygen demands (BODs) and chemical oxygen demands (CODs). By reducing the calls for on the ozone, the amount of ozone wanted is lowered, which, in flip, decreases the price of utilizing ozone as a remedy methodology. UV light wouldn’t have as much scaling and maintenance involved. Copper ionization would work extra successfully because the copper would not be binding to the iron and would cut back the copper’s capability to manage bacteria.
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Descaling Methods
Now that the water is free from iron and manganese or different contaminants that are eliminated by pretreatment, what will we do with hardness minerals since softened water is not used? Some firms have used magnets to fight this problem and have been very successful. Nonetheless, the magnet controversy within the water business still prevails. Once more, if matched mathematically with move rates and contaminant ranges then this could possibly be an alternate.
An even larger profit could be utilizing copper ionization. As a result of its electrical charge, the sort of treatment has good scale lowering properties, and the small amount of copper within the water reduces micro organism and algae. Copper ionization’s advantages are two-fold. Hardness minerals from municipal and well water supplies can be managed with ionization and, if UV were installed, ionization would assist keep the quartz sleeves or coiled tubes that protect the bulb from scaling. In some purposes, ozone will not be as effective at controlling scale.
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Sizing Equipment
Sizing gear may be time consuming, and this is another reason many water sellers haven’t pursued this market arena. There is nothing more disconcerting than spending precious time designing a system and proposing a bid and not getting the sale. What’s even worse is getting the job and having the tools not perform properly and ending up with a discontented customer as a result of his capital investment will see no return. One missed variable within the calculation could cause a large number of problems in the future. Not understanding how the applied sciences perform are other elements that contribute in design flaws of using chemical alternatives. The influent water evaluation, the quantity of water and the stream rates are three of a very powerful parameters in treating any water provide, but the compatibility of the application and applied sciences used play a big role.
Sadly there aren’t any simply understood “reduce-and-dried” formulas for sizing tools. There are some existing formulas, however they are ambiguous and not pertinent to every application. Parameters that have to be considered are the scale of the cooling tower, which is measured in tons; the amount of water that’s within the makeup tank; the amount of water that is in the distribution system; the amount of evaporation that may take place; the climate to which the cooling tower is exposed; the quantity of blow down; the quantity of influent water wanted to substitute evaporation on hot or cooler days; the varieties of materials of which the system is constructed which can be suitable with ozone; where the unit will be positioned; the injection points of the ozone, UV gentle or copper for correct dispersion; and off gassing of the ozone. As we can see, there are many variables in figuring the proper remedy, and one missed variable can render the system ineffective.
Ozone doesn’t leave a residual. If there are areas too far from the injection point, the amount of ozone at these areas might not be efficient enough to kill the micro organism, thus bio-slimes can form. UV gentle doesn’t add anything to the water so if there are microorganisms that aren’t destroyed they, too, could cause progress within the system. Copper ionization will assist on this control, however improper copper ranges also can lead to problems. Ozone needs to be monitored and controlled with ORP meters or redox controllers to be the most effective. A little little bit of ozone goes a good distance, and by controlling the levels of ozone, such issues as corrosion or the destroying of pumps and gaskets may be minimal. Making an attempt to find out water utilization will be tricky and must be rigorously calculated. Measuring the tank and piping may give good approximations of how a lot water is in the system, but evaporation will fluctuate significantly depending on climate and weather circumstances to which the cooling tower is subjected. The quantity of blow down shall be reduced since chemicals are decreased and TDS ranges is not going to improve as rapidly.
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Consider the choice
Filtration, ozonation, copper ionization and UV gentle is probably not an possibility on some water supplies or functions, however their usefulness and alternatives to chemical dosing needs to be thought of as an option. Water supplies with contaminants, which are hard to take away might be treatable only with chemicals, though when these technological advancements are understood, there are ways to use the optimistic benefits synergistically. There is not one water treatment methodology available on the market that may be a cure for all water issues or makes use of, but when employed with one another, these strategies may be extraordinarily advantageous for the appliance and buyer’s needs
Information Is Power
There are various ozone, copper ionization, filtration and UV manufacturers in the market which have used their products in cooling tower applications. Every has his own thought on how his equipment performs, but when used together with other technologies he generally could be misinformed or not educated enough on the capabilities of how his equipment can benefit, when used along with other technologies. Jumping on the bandwagon to treat cooling towers would be a mistake for many water dealers that are going to try and make a fast dollar. This course of is time consuming and educationally taxing. Many types of water are usually not going to be favorable to any such treatment and the cost factors are going to keep firms from using the technology except a return on funding will be established. The impression that chemical alternate options will have on the setting is enormous and very optimistic worldwide. With persistence and willpower, many water therapy professionals will achieve success.
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Studying articles and books (some listed at the tip of this article) could be smart, and doing research with pilot testing is really helpful. An excellent background in chemistry, physics and microbiology may be very helpful in deploying a very good system design that may give a return on investment for the buyer. Understanding how bio-movies kind and the way the technologies work will assist avoid the pitfalls of disinfection with chemical alternate options. Unfortunately, this column doesn’t present enough space for a full rationalization of utilizing these kind of methods on cooling towers. Session with experienced professionals and manufacturers is really
useful.
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